DIPLOMASI DIGITAL: E-SILATURAHMI SEBAGAI STRATEGI COUNTER-RADIKALISME?
James Hoesterey, PhD Winship Distinguished Research Professor of Religion Department of Religion Emory University
Abstact
In 2002, Indonesia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hasan J. Wirajuda, founded the ministry’s department of Information & Public Diplomacy as part of his comprehensive strategy “diplomasi total”, which aimed to wield a new form of soft power. Realizing the importance of Track 2 (“people-to-people”) diplomacy, and partly in response to the Bali bomb blast, Wirajuda wanted to tell a different story about “moderate Islam” in the world’s largest Muslim-majority. As part of this “religious turn” in Indonesia’s diplomacy and foreign policy, Wirajuda reached out to civil society organizations such as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah in order to forge a consolidated effort to re-brand Indonesian Islam. This strategy of public diplomacy, however, has remained largely an effort of privileged diplomats, religious leaders, and academics whose inter-faith initiatives do little to affect the younger generation. Further still, Kemlu’s public diplomacy efforts have failed to leverage digital technologies – especially in this age of global pandemic – that could conceivably connect youth from Indonesian classrooms with those of dozens of countries in the West and Middle East. This lack of digital diplomacy has meant that young people across the world still have serious misconceptions about others. In this paper, I argue that such programs might not immediately serve as effective anti-radicalism projects, but that they serve as relatively cheap, and potentially transformational ways to bring the concept of e-silaturahmi to a global audience.
BACK TO THE CULTURE
DEFEATING RADICALISM WITH MILITARY OPERATION OTHER THAN WAR
Brigadier General Military Dr. Budi Pramono
Abstract
Radicalism –and later terrorism— is still a real threat to Indonesia. The Indonesian National Army (TNI) as an institution mandated by law to safeguard the sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) certainly cannot remain silent; The TNI is also responsible for stopping all threats to the state. Even so, radicalism is not a threat that can be defeated only with weapons, because as an ideology, radicalism can only be eliminated to its roots with an approach that does not require the use of weapons. For this reason, the TNI is moving with the Military Operation Other Than War (MOOTW) approach. This approach may not be able to kill terrorists, but it can kill the ideology that defames the peace and unity of this republic.
COUNTER-INTOLERANCE IN STATE ISLAMIC HIGHER EDUCATION: CONCEPTUALIZING RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY IN THE STUDY OF RELIGION (STUDI AGAMA-AGAMA)
Florian Pohl, Oxford College of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
Abstract
A study of curriculum design, the presentation analyzes the conceptualizations of religious diversity that inform the study of religion or Studi Agma-Agama (SAA) at institutions of State Islamic Higher Education in several Indonesian Provinces. Results are discussed in relation to the increasingly polarized public debate in Indonesia over religious pluralism and the proper role and function of the state’s Islamic Higher Education system. Although the study of religion in the state system has emphasized the promotion of interreligious harmony from its beginnings under Mukti Ali in the 1960s, this understanding has been challenged more recently by conservative groups. Criticism is exacerbated by the transformation of many institutions into full research universities which has brought not only new disciplinary but also ideological diversity to campus. In response to these challenges, Muslim educators promote their view on moderation under reference not only to foundational Islamic concepts such as human dignity, equality, and social justice but also to the Pancasila as the multi-religious framework that has shaped national identity since independence. By highlighting how educators increasingly draw on the Pancasila as a source of cultural legitimacy and power to defend their position—a strategy found also in other sectors of Indonesian society in response to growing Islamist infringement on the public sphere—the presentation reflects on the relationship between cultural and Islamic norms as well as civil and confessional identities in the advancement of what Gabriel Marcel has called “counter-intolerance” to support democratic civility in Indonesia and beyond.
COUNTERING MILITANT EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA:
BETWEEN PUNITIVE ACTION AND PREVENTIVE PERSUASION
Associate Professor Paul J. Carnegie
Institute of Asian Studies Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Abstract:
This paper situates Indonesia’s experience with militant extremism in conditioning circumstances associated with its reproduction in discourse and practice. It then considers what lessons we can draw from Indonesia’s previous responses to militant extremism especially in the aftermath of the Bali Bombings in 2002. If we are to counter extreme thinking and limit the conditions under which militant extremism can reproduce, charting a course between strategic threat diminishment and preventative de-radicalization is crucial for meaningful long-term containment.
RELIGIOUS LEADER, TAFSIR, AND SALAFISM IN INDONESIA:
The Role of Religious Leader in the Study of Tafsir in Pesantren Salafi in Java
Ferry Muhammadsyah Siregar ( ferry.m.siregar99@gmail.com)
The Graduate Program IAI Bunga Bangsa Cirebon West Java Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses on the roles of the religious leaders in the study of tafsir in three pesantren in Java. The location of research is in Pesantren Ihya’us Sunnah in Yogyakarta. It addresses several questions, namely: (1) What are the roles of religious leader in pesantren and society? (2) Why do they differently select tafsir or in other words what are their concerns in study of tafsir in the pesantrens? (3) How do they develop and contribute to tafsir? This study applies socio-religious concept on religious leadership and uses tafsir theory. This study uses qualitative data for analysis of materials collected from observations, interviews, and library research. Tafsir works studied in Indonesian Pesantrens are almost different from one to another. In the pengajian tafsir, Pesantren Ihya’us Sunnah uses ‘umdat al-Tafsir ‘an Tafsir ibn Kathir, On the description of the material, ustadz reads word by word of the Qur’anic verses and discusses them later. The study of the tafsir in the pesantren is still limited to the study of a text, reading and translating the text itself. It is found that In salafi pesantren, Interpretation of the teacher shows his literal, textual and puritan concerns. Through the selection of tafsir and kitab kuning used in the pesantrens, religious leaders keep maintaining traditional and puritan aspects of Islam in Indonesia.
Keywords: Religious leadership, tafsir, Salafism, pesantren, Java, Indonesia
VIOLENCE IN THE NAME OF GOD: LANDSCAPE OF RADICAL ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND ACTION IN INDONESIA
Samsi Pomalingo
Gorontalo State University
Email: samsi.pomalingo@ung.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The thoughts and actions of religious radicalism in Indonesia are increasingly massive and difficult to contain. The existence of this group is neatly organized with a large following, especially among the younger generation. Their understanding of Islam is very textual-atomistic. The slogan they convey is the enforcement of the caliphate or the law of Allah in the totality of human life both in society and as a state. The presence of this group greatly threatens the existence of Islamic brotherhood (ukhuwa Islamiyah) and human brotherhood (ukhuwa insaniyah). The struggle against the threat of religious radicalism in Indonesia requires a coherent and comprehensive strategy. Better religious understanding of current religious change and continued support from all parties in terms of religious tolerance should be encouraged to stem the songs of hardliner Islamic group movements. The government must seriously increase the monitoring of da’wah by preachers, especially those published on YouTube, the writings that are scattered on various sites. In addition, the government must continue to strive to support interfaith dialogue and increase public awareness about the dangers of radicalism in social and state life.
Keywords: Violence, Religion, Thought, Action, Radicalism
COUNTER TERRORISM BY THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE PROTECTION FF HUMAN RIGHTS
Labib Muttaqin
Faculty of Law, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Email: lm812@um.c.id
Throughout the history of combating terrorism in Indonesia, the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia – abbreviated as TNI) has played an important role in combating terrorist acts. The role and involvement of the TNI in general has been regulated in statutory regulations. Act 5 of 2018 states that the TNI has a duty to combat terrorism, this effort is called military operations other than war. This military involvement will be represented by the TNI Joint Special Operations Command. However, the involvement of the TNI in combating terrorism in Indonesia can also lead to a number of negative implications, such as the occurrence of human rights violations. If the TNI commits human rights violations while arresting suspected terrorists, the public will find it difficult to hold them accountable and monitor the course of the case. Past experience illustrates that there have been many cases of violations of human rights violations committed by the TNI and there is no legal process. Therefore, in order to avoid the occurrence of human rights violations, it is important to formulate the intensity and situations in which the TNI can be involved in combating terrorism. Thus, there are at least three things that are studied in depth in this study. First, analyze the regulations on combating terrorism in Indonesia. Second, analyze potential human rights violations by the TNI in combating terrorism. Third, formulate a counterterrorism design for the TNI to prevent human rights violations.
Keywords: Terrorism, TNI, Human Rights.
INTEGRETED CURRICULUM OF ANTI-RADICALISM IN BUILDING
DIVERSITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHOOLS
Ibnu Mujib, ibnumujib19@gmail.com, ; IKIP Budi Utomo
Nurcholis Sunuyeko, cholissunuyeko@gmail.com : IkIP Budi Utomo
Ali Badar, alibadar@budiutomomalang.ac.id ; IKIP Budi Utomo
,
ABSTRACT
The intolerance that has threatened Indonesia in the last ten years is an important trail that shows that the management of diversity in Indonesia is facing a very complex problem. Many parties began to question the wisdom of schools as participatory diversity laboratories. This study emphasizes the best practice of integrating anti-radicalism curriculum in learning in schools. This research is more focused on three schools in high school level in Malang City based on religious affiliation by using descriptive comparative method which is described with a critical qualitative approach. There are two points of the study discussed in this paper and the findings of this study: how the vision of tolerance and participation of diversity built-in three schools can produce views and initiations about integrating anti-radicalism in the learning process or school curriculum. Both perspectives can theoretically be built through several keys prerequisites, namely: first, the need for pro-diversity regulation or policy (policy school), leadership that has the cross-religious and cultural experience, teachers who have multicultural competencies, the synergy between schools, students, teachers and guardians of students. The existence of diversity participation space is not only the duty of the teacher of the subject but also the school institution’s responsibility. Second, the design of an integrated anti radicalism curriculum. Third, the habituation factor as the planting of tolerant character values in daily life among students.
Keywords: vision of tolerance, participation of diversity, integration of anti-radicalism curriculum, religious and multicultural high school.
EDUCATION FOR THE CHILDREN OF THE FORMER TERRORISTS IN INDONESIA: CASE STUDIES OF TWO FORMER TERRORIST PRISONERS’ FAMILIES
Mulyana1, Rudy Harisyah Alam2, Sapto Priyanto3
Religious Research, Development and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Rawa Kuning No. 6 Pulogebang Cakung East Jakarta1, Religious Research, Development and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Rawa Kuning No. 6 Pulogebang Cakung East Jakarta2, School of Strategic and Global Studies of the University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 4 Central Jakarta3
ABSTRACT
This paper will discuss the results of a case study on the education services that were currently accessed by the children of former terrorist prisoners. The research sought to address the following questions: (1) What kind of education services that the children of former terrorists accessed at present? (2) Is there any government special intervention in providing those children with an education that could prevent their future involvement in terrorism? Field research was conducted in July 2019. The research found that former terrorist prisoners tended to register their children in religious schools, such as Islamic integrated schools and pesantren. Both school teachers and management generally did not aware of the information. This research also found that there has been no specific educational intervention prepared by the government to cope with the children of former terrorist prisoners.
Keywords: education services, children, former terrorist prisoners
THE CORE OF SALAFISM: AN APRIORI STATEMENT AND SALAFI’S RESPONS TO THE ACT OF TERROR
Riza Saputra, MA
Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari, Banjarmasin
Email: rizasaputra@uin-antasari.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The city of Santri has recorded at least 255 Islamic Boarding Schools, 98% of them identify themselves as Salafi, and 2% call themselves as Modern or Khalafi. Salafis have an identical understanding that is different from modern Islamic boarding school, especially in scientific studies that focus on classical books or known as the yellow book, Arabic or Malay Arabic. This difference is closely related to the term Salafi itself, which wants to refer to the previous pious “Salāfus Ṣālih” and make the Quran and Hadith as their main foothold. However, at this time appears an assumption states that the Salafis are radical Islamic movements, extreme, intolerant, and has an exclusive tendency with the Western world. Therefore, this research aims to refer back empirically to the Salafi Islamic boarding school alumni and teachers in the City of Santri related to an aprioristic statement about the connection between Salafism and radicalism, and their response to acts of terror that occurred in Indonesia.
Keywords: Salafi, Radicalism, Wahabi, Terrorism
DEMITOLOGIZATION OF LOCAL CULTURE AS A QUEUE TO RELIGIOUS RADICALISM: NURCHOLISH MADJID’S THOUGHTS ON LOCAL CULTURE IN INDONESIA
Iswahyudi
Institute Agama Islam Negeri Ponorogo, Indonesia
Email: iswahyudi@iainponorogo.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Nurcholis Madjid’s thoughts on local culture rarely become the concentration of researchers. Researchers are trapped in the general assumption that Nurcholish Madjid is a thinker of Islamic modernism in the grand flow of refinement of teachings as he admires Ibn Taymiyah. Therefore, his views on local culture that are critically appreciative are forgotten in their working papers. Nurcholis Madjid’s view of the local culture can be used as a bridge for the deradicalization of one’s religious understanding. This article, therefore, aims at first, finding Nurcholish Madjid’s views on local culture; secondly, looking for factors that affect Nurcholis Madjid’s thoughts about local culture and thirdly, finding the relevance of Nurcholish Madjid’s thoughts about local culture to the current condition of Indonesia. Through the critical analytical descriptive method, this article concluded three findings; First, local culture for Nurcholish Madjid is the cultural richness of a nation that gives colour to religious thought. For him, local culture must be demitologized. Second, Nurcholis Madjid’s thoughts about local culture are influenced by multi ideological education factors and a pluralist social environment. Third, the thought of Nurcholish Madjid provides a new perspective for radical understanding which is connected with the problem of religious and cultural relations.
Keywords: Demythologization, Local Culture, Radicalism, Indonesia
WAR, ISIS AND WOMEN: MEMAHAMI PERAN KOMBATAN PEREMPUAN DALAM KAMPANYE ISIS
Zaky Ismail zakyismail@uinsby.ac.id
Aufa R. Fudhali aufafudhali03@gmail.com
Bayu Hagai bayuhagai0@gmail.com
Fajri Aulia fajriaulia021@gmail.com
Muh. Ardhiansyah P muhammadardhi1999@gmail.com
Nida F. Nafisah nidafajrin13@gmail.com
Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya
ABSTRACT
Until now, the paper that discusses the role of women in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has only focused on being a supporter, while this article will discuss the role of women as combatants. This research was conducted with a content analysis method on documents about the actions of ISIS in Iraq, Syria and Southeast Asia. This is analyzed by transnational crime theory. Since the onset of globalization and advances in information and communication technology, terrorist groups in one region have been easier to create transnational terrorism networks because they are supported by various facilities and so is happening at ISIS, namely spreading ideology, getting and recruiting members from all corners of the world far more easy but in recent years ISIS suffered a major defeat so that changing the map and strategy of ISIS. This paper concludes that women are subject to international terrorism.
Keywords: Women, ISIS, Combatants
RELIGIOUS DISINFORMATION IN INDONESIA: A DISCOURSE APPROACH
Ubaidillah and Arief Hartanto
Research Center for Society and Culture, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI)
ABSTRACT
This paper attempts to describe the disinformation on communism, the Republic of China, and Chinese Indonesians that show the correlation between ethnicity and religious sentiments, especially Islam intertwined with historical narratives from the early days of the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia. The interwoven narratives were used to describe a projection of disinformation impact desired by the disinformation actors. Data on religious disinformation discourse was obtained from the cekfakta.com managed by the Indonesian Anti-Defamation Society (Mafindo). The site confirmed whether or not the information is classified as disinformation. The data were analyzed using the theoretical foundation of critical discourse analysis proposed by Fairclough (1989; 1992; 1995) and speech acts developed by Austin (1968) and Searle (1969). Islamic religious disinformation in Indonesia may have a high degree of persuasion since it has a historical foundation, the underlying narrative is maintained by authoritative actors, and is supported by economic inequality conditions among groups of people associated with aspects of religion and ethnicity. This persuasion power can ignite the mental state of the recipient of disinformation dominated by anger, hatred, or revenge in interpreting a discourse. This disinformation can also change the demographic resource potentials into political resources because it is able to reach the majority of Indonesia population. The incident of Chinese worship houses burning in Tanjung Balai shows that the religious disinformation also brings about a potency to escalate into riots or conflicts among groups of people.
Keywords: Religious Disinformation, Historical Narratives, Directive Principle, Discourse Approach
FROM FRAMING TO FLAMING:
THE PERCEPTION OF CHRISTIAN PRINCE’S COMMENTARY TOWARD THE QUR’AN IN YOUTUBE
Abdul Muiz Amir[3]
Dosen Tafsir Hadis, Fakultas Ushuluddin Adab dan Dakwah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kendari
e-mail: abdulmuiz@iainkendari.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Cristian Prince’s (CP) presence on YouTube opened a new chapter in Christian opposition to theological criticism that has only been dominated by Muslims for the past two decades. Through the narratives on YouTube, this christian apologist tries to convince the public that Qur’an contains contradictory as the holy book for Muslims. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the construction of CP’s interpretation which highlights the authenticity of Qur’an. Furthermore, it uses a qualitative research design following critical analysis paradigm and the framing approach developed by William A. Gamson. The results show that the representation of CP’s understanding on the Qur’an verses uses a decontextualization approach. Also, the vast knowledge of Arabic language and literary translations further strengthen the narratives to convince the public of the allegations. However, instead of considering the historical context in understanding the scientific of the Qur’an, this christian apologist uses literal meaning as framing devices. This phenomenon has shown that cross-theological debates only provoke persistent.
Keywords: Religious Mediatisation, Christian Prince, Qur’an, YouTube, Terroris
TOWARDS DERADICALIZATION OF INDONESIAN COMMUNITIES: THE NEED FOR A BALANCED EDUCATION SYSTEM BETWEEN RELIGION AND THE STATE IN SEVERAL ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOLS IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN
Dyah Indraswati1, Anwar Hafidzi,2 Najla Amaly3, Nursaptini4
1,4Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, FKIP, Universitas Mataram
2Fakultas Syariah, Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
3Fakultas Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Corespondence E-mail:
Dyahindraswati@unram.ac.id, anwar.hafidzi@gmail.com, najlaamaly@gmail.com, nursaptini@unram.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study discusses the potential of Islamic boarding schools in the deradicalization of Indonesian society through a balanced education system between religion and the state. This study tries to look at the strategy of deradicalization of religious extremism in Indonesia, especially in Islamic boarding schools. Even though the Islamic Boarding School is a place for studying Islam, it does not mean that it cannot be separated from extreme understandings that sometimes act in the name of religion. Allegedly, one of the causes is an unbalanced education system. A cohesive, directed and planned/organized education system can produce responsible citizens, whereas if a fragmented education system naturally results in confused citizens and without direction, and even tend to be apathetic. This study aims to analyze the influence and education system in several pesantren to prevent radicalism for students at the High School level in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a field study with a qualitative approach using purposive sampling in recording pesantren which has a salafiah and modern curriculum. Data collection is done through observation. The analysis is done by collecting, presenting, reducing, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study prove that the education system and the role of the Kiai have a positive impact on counteracting religious radicalism by combining Islamic and state education. This research implies that the management system in Islamic boarding schools can establish intensive partnerships with the government in various aspects of politics, culture, and economy. It should be ruled out that boarding schools are included in education which is sometimes marginalized by the government because sometimes it is considered inclusive. Therefore, every effort to overcome the problem of radical understanding in the name of religion is not possible to achieve significant results, unless there is a cohesive education system between the institution and the government.
Keywords: de-radicalization, system, education, state, pesantren.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION EDUCATION BASED ON SINGKAWANG MAYOR POLICY
Wasis Suprapto, W., Bunyamin Maftuh, Helius Sjamsuddin and Elly Malihah
Indonesian of Education University
wasissoeprapto@gmail.com, bmaftuh@yahoo.co.id, heliussjamsuddin@yahoo.com, ellyms@upi.edu
ABSTRACT
This article has two objectives, namely an analysis of the mayor’s policy in building a conflict resolution education and its relevance for education in the City of Singkawang. Articles are reviewed using a qualitative approach through the documentation method. The results showed (1) one of the mayor’s policies focused on creating and maintaining harmony in the diversity of religions, ethnicities and cultures in Singkawang. Religious harmony is shown through the installation of religious attributes or symbols in each city population. Ethnic haromonization is demonstrated through recognition of 16 associations. The cultural harmonization is shown through the Cultural Kirab event both during the Religious Holidays, Independence Day and Singkawang City Anniversary. (2) The policy of maintaining such harmonization is relevant to conflict resolution education (CRP) in schools. PRK in schools is carried out through the Peacabble School Approach (PSA) approach which focuses on teaching about basic abilities, principles, and conflict resolution processes through subjects such as social studies to students.
Keywords: Mayor Policy and Education Conflict Resolutio
LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL DEMYSTIFYING OF SASAK MERARIQ
Mahyuni and Nur Ahmadi[4]
FKIP Universitas Mataram, Lombok, NTB Indonesia
Corresponding Author: Yonmahyuni63@gmail.com and Yonmahy@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The article serves double purposes, to show the current popular understanding on the most basic value in Sasak community, merariq. The commonsense interpretation is proven to be incoherence with the formal state of the language and cultural ideals of Sasak. The second purpose of the study is to propose alternative approach, linguistic formant analysis, in order to arrive at the most cohesive and coherence description and comprehension of the concept. This analysis relies on the very formal evidence, morphological and grammatical mechanism as the basis to start and end at the converging state showing the inter-relation between the semantic and the socio-pragmatic values which structures deep in the lives of the society. It is found that the simple 7 letter word term turns out an amalgam of various morphological, grammatical, semantic on the one hand and the melting pot of conceptual-ritual ideal on the other. In this way, the simple word is quintessentially the core of the most advanced thinking of the Sasak over generations which has unfortunately been biased. The inclusive and solidarity spirit of Sasak merariq in linguistic realm is supported by Nothofer (1999) which proves that Sasak term for husband and wife are sterile from the Javanese language style.
Key Words: merariq, linguistic format, socio-pragmatic, melting pot, language style
BUILDING EARLY CHILDREN’S RESPONSIBILITY TO ANTICIPATE RADICALISM IN PELANGI ALAM KINDERGARTEN
Evi Muafiah
Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ponorogo
ABSTRACT
Education in schools is a socialization medium between individuals and communities. The socialization process that occurs becomes part of the formation of the child’s character. Educating children according to fitrah can shape the character of the child in accordance with islamic teachings. Islam as a religion rahmatan lil alamin teaches its people to always appreciate and spread the affection sesame creatures of God’s creation. Meanwhile, many schools implement child-friendly learning policies that make children indirectly reluctant to go to school and have radical temperaments. This research was conducted to decrypt how child-friendly learning is applied in Sekolah Pelangi Alam Ponorogo which educates children according to their development with jargon “educating children according to fitrah”. Using a qualitative research approach researchers dig into data through interview, observation and documentation techniques as well as FGD. The results showed that Sekolah Pelangi Alam Ponorogo in its learning provides a wide and free opportunity for teachers to explore each child’s abilities. With the composition of the number of students and the proportional number of teachers, teachers can give maximum attention to the development of each child. The learning is always associated with nature so that indirectly forming a child has a character of affection, not only towards fellow humans but also in other creatures, including maintaining cleanliness and sustainability of nature around it. This is what can then indirectly anticipate radicalism in the children.
Keyword: radicalism, child-friendly schooling, educating children according to fitrah
THIS IS (NOT) A MAN’S WORLD: COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM
AND RADICALISATION THROUGH THE LENS OF WOMEN IN A SUB-
URBAN COMMUNITY
Toni Ariwijaya*, Lale Fatma Yulia Ningsih*
*Universitas Islam Al-Azhar Mataram
email: toni.ariwijaya@gmail.com
What causes radicalisation and violent extremism to emerge? Such a question has been the forefront of the world’s political agenda as the sense of urgency surrounding terrorism continue to rise. Schools of research have been conducted to reveal social and psychological factors motivating individuals to adopt the ideologies related to violent extremism and radicalisation. However, comprehensive conclusions translatable to policy making are still lacking. In fact, to be able to effectively and expediently address the underlying issues, we must all stand on a common ground, namely, we must return to the starting point of each individual: the family. We must then consider a potential key actor in their pursuit of a potential solution: mothers. Therefore, the purpose of this explanatory study is to investigate mothers’ perception on what causes violent extremism and what actions they should undertake to tackle the issue. A multiple-case study design was used. Eight randomly selected mothers whose children are in their adolescent within Babakan sub-urban area of Mataram city, West Nusa Tenggara, participated. Data were obtained from individual, digitally recorded face-to-face semi- structured interviews. The findings from this explanatory study suggest that the women had moderate knowledge towards violent extremism and radicalisation and aware of their critical roles in preventing their children from exposure to terrorism-related ideologies. Further, the study provides insights into how male domination tends to prevent the women to play the key roles in countering terrorism as, in local context, the issues related to this are sound rather masculine.
Keywords: Violent Extremism, Radicalisation, Women in Rural Communities, Male Domination
MILLENNIAL ISLAMIC PROSELYTIZING MOVEMENT AND POST-ISLAMISM DISCOURSE IN INDONESIA
Muhammad Abzar Duraesa1 & Muzayyin Ahyar2
IAIN Samarinda
1abzariainsmd@gmail.com
ABSTRAK
Seiring dengan maraknya fenomena Islam populis, ternyata budaya populer yang mengusung tema-tema keislaman juga terlihat nyata. Fenomena dakwah milenial di kalangan remaja Muslim adalah salah satu gejala menguatnya budaya populer dan populisme Islam sekaligus. Sebagaimana budaya pop, narasi dakwah millenial selalu dihadirkan dengan karakter kemodernan, popularitas, lifestyle dan fandom. Tidak heran, fenomena dakwah milenial ini menumbuhsuburkan beberapa komoditas seperti industry busana, aksesoris dan gaya hidup yang dinilai ‘soleh’. Beberapa di antara komoditas itu tampak dalam kampanye di berbagai ruang public, khususnya ruang public online; sosial media. Islam populis yang pada awalnya sarat ideologi Islamisme berubah ke arah gerakan yang lebih adaptif dengan kondisi demokrasi. Sebagian sarjana mengidentifikasi perubahan ini dengan istilah post-Islamisme. Artikel ini ingin mendiskusikan Gerakan dakwah milenial dan hubungannya dengan wacana pos-islamisme di Indonesia. Beberapa pertanyaan riset yang muncul adalah; Apakah fenomena dakwah milenial dapat dibaca dalam lanskap pos-Islamisme di Indonesia? Sejauh mana kedekatan antara wacana dakwah milenial dengan pos Islamisme? Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis, artikel ini mengambil satu Gerakan YukNgaji sebagai objek penelitian. Data-data penelitian diambil dari hasil observasi, wawancara beberapa informan dan dokumentasi postingan di sosial media. Data-data tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori Gerakan sosial dan pos-Islamisme. Beberapa kampanye Gerakan dakwah milenial akan dihubungkan kedekatan identitasnya dengan dentitas ataupun wacana pos-islamisme.
Kata kunci: Gerakan dakwah milenial, pos-Islamisme, YukNgaji
EARLY WARNING AND EARLY RESPONSE FOR PREVENTING VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA: BUILDING LOCAL-LEVEL COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS
Rudy Harisyah Alam1, Sapto Priyanto2, Mulyana3
rhalam2014@gmail.com1, saptopriyanto3792@gmail.com2, yana.litbangjkt@gmail.com3
ABSTRACT
There has been a significant improvement in counter-terrorism measures in Indonesia. However, one major weakness remains, that is, Indonesia’s efforts to combat terrorism have relied heavily on the role of security forces, especially the Special Detachment 88 Anti-Terror of the Indonesian National Police. Meanwhile, the roles of other actors at the local level, such as government officers, religious and community leaders, and the public in general, remain insignificant. For this reason, several Indonesia’s civil society organizations have initiated an effort to increase participation of wider actors in preventing terrorism by, among others, enhancing their capacity in detecting the presence of terrorist groups. This paper discusses the initiative by the Indonesian Institute for Society Empowerment (INSEP) to establish local-level collaborative networks for preventing violent extremism and terrorism. The strengths and weaknesses of the initiative are also examined.
Keywords: early warning and early response, violent extremism prevention, terrorism, INSEP
TOWARDS DERADICALIZATION OF INDONESIAN COMMUNITIES: THE NEED FOR A BALANCED EDUCATION SYSTEM BETWEEN RELIGION AND THE STATE IN SEVERAL ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOLS IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN
Dyah Indraswati1, Anwar Hafidzi,2 Najla Amaly3, Nursaptini4
1,4Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, FKIP, Universitas Mataram
2Fakultas Syariah, Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
3Fakultas Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Corespondence E-mail:
Dyahindraswati@unram.ac.id, anwar.hafidzi@gmail.com, najlaamaly@gmail.com, nursaptini@unram.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study discusses the potential of Islamic boarding schools in the deradicalization of Indonesian society through a balanced education system between religion and the state. This study tries to look at the strategy of deradicalization of religious extremism in Indonesia, especially in Islamic boarding schools. Even though the Islamic Boarding School is a place for studying Islam, it does not mean that it cannot be separated from extreme understandings that sometimes act in the name of religion. Allegedly, one of the causes is an unbalanced education system. A cohesive, directed and planned/organized education system can produce responsible citizens, whereas if a fragmented education system naturally results in confused citizens and without direction, and even tend to be apathetic. This study aims to analyze the influence and education system in several pesantren to prevent radicalism for students at the High School level in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a field study with a qualitative approach using purposive sampling in recording pesantren which has a salafiah and modern curriculum. Data collection is done through observation. The analysis is done by collecting, presenting, reducing, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study prove that the education system and the role of the Kiai have a positive impact on counteracting religious radicalism by combining Islamic and state education. This research implies that the management system in Islamic boarding schools can establish intensive partnerships with the government in various aspects of politics, culture, and economy. It should be ruled out that boarding schools are included in education which is sometimes marginalized by the government because sometimes it is considered inclusive. Therefore, every effort to overcome the problem of radical understanding in the name of religion is not possible to achieve significant results, unless there is a cohesive education system between the institution and the government.
Keywords: de-radicalization, system, education, state, pesantren.
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIVE MOVEMENT OF ULAMA AND PESANTREN AT JAWA PESISIRAN
(Study of the Struggle of Kiai & Pesantren to Prosperous Tradition, Economy, and Moderation of Islam)
A.Zaenurrosyid, Arief Cholil, Hidayatus Sholihah,
zaenurrosyid@unissula.ac.id, ariefcholil@unissula.ac.id, hida@unissula.ac.id,
Abstract
This field research seeks to analyze various developments and changes in the world of pesantren in the midst of changing societies and dynamic national political struggles. The kiai and pesantren institutions in the Indonesian context and the northern Javanese pesisiran in particular have various strategic roles both in the religious education sector which also guides the views and behavior of the surrounding community.
In this research, it is seen from a socio-anthropological perspective with a choice of qualitative approaches. The data were collected through the observation by staying at the research location for several months, as well as interviewing the kiai, asaatidz, teachers at the pesantren, as well as several community leaders. Some historical data and others were obtained through documentation and search of other related literature.
The findings of this study include the first presence of kiai with pesantren in Java, Pesisiran Utara Pati, which has made many transformative social contributions to the surrounding environment. Both, historically, the pioneering of da’wah and the transformation of the pesantren, have been initiated by the kiai since the era of the struggle for independence, from kiai Salam, kiai Mahfudz to kiai Sahal struggle era and the young kiai in Islamic boarding schools in the Pati region, the northern coast of Java. The three pesantren institutions with social capital owned by the kiai (in the form of networking, norms, and trusts) not only act as interpreters of Islamic traditional values, maintain a moderate Islamic order, but have also mobilized empowerment programs for socio-religious, socio-educational and socio-economic, even the socio-political society of today.
Keywords: Kiai, Islamic Boarding School, Social Transformation, Moderate Islam.
Early Warning and Early Response for Preventing Violent Extremism in Indonesia: Building Local-level Collaborative Networks
Rudy Harisyah Alam1, Sapto Priyanto2, Mulyana3
rhalam2014@gmail.com1, saptopriyanto3792@gmail.com2, yana.litbangjkt@gmail.com3
1Religious Research, Development and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Rawa Kuning No. 6 Pulogebang Cakung, East Jakarta, 2School of Strategic and Global Studies of the University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 4 Central Jakarta, 3Religious Research, Development and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Rawa Kuning No. 6 Pulogebang Cakung, East Jakarta
Abstract
There has been a significant improvement in counter-terrorism measures in Indonesia. However, one major weakness remains, that is, Indonesia’s efforts to combat terrorism have relied heavily on the role of security forces, especially the Special Detachment 88 Anti-Terror of the Indonesian National Police. Meanwhile, the roles of other actors at the local level, such as government officers, religious and community leaders, and the public in general, remain insignificant. For this reason, several Indonesia’s civil society organizations have initiated an effort to increase participation of wider actors in preventing terrorism by, among others, enhancing their capacity in detecting the presence of terrorist groups. This paper discusses the initiative by the Indonesian Institute for Society Empowerment (INSEP) to establish local-level collaborative networks for preventing violent extremism and terrorism. The strengths and weaknesses of the initiative are also examined.
Keywords: early warning and early response, violent extremism prevention, terrorism, INSEP
IDEOLOGICAL TRAP IN EDUCATION:
Rivalry Discourse on Islamic Literatures in the NW and Salafi Schools in Lombok
Saparudin
Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram
Corresponding Author: saparudin@uinmataram.ac.id
Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the ideological competition between the Nahdlatul Wathan (NW) as a local Islamic group and Salafis as a transnational Islamic group in the Islamic literature, which is utilized as teaching materials in NW and Salafi schools. The rivalry between these two religious groups become a novel phenomenon in Lombok together with the increasing influence of the Salafi group. The success of Salafis in promoting salaf manhaj, which in many ways contradicts the Aswaja promoted by NW in Islamic practice, has implications for the strengthening of the ideological content in Islamic textbooks in their respective schools. Based on the identification of literature books utilized as teaching materials, as analyzed based on the contestation theory by Antje Wiener and apparatuses of ideology by Louis Althusser, this study argues that religious literature used as teaching materials in Islamic schools is an instrument of ideological trapping of religious groups to generate apparatuses of ideology to win the competition. The teaching materials contain negation of one another, mono-interpretation, and misleading one another. Finally, students only accept particular religious understandings indoctrination without being taught to think critically regarding different religious perspectives.
Keywords: NW, Salafi, Islamic Movement, Islamic education
DISSEMINATION ROLES OF THE TURATS ULAMA NUSANTARA GROUPS ON THE COUNTER RADICALISM IN INDONESIA
By: Fathimatuz Zahra (Lecturer of STAI Pati)
Abstract:
Turats Ulama Nusantara Groups was a social media groups that was pioneering by an younger pesantren alumni, such As Nanal Firdaus, Amirul Ulum, etc. They are has an anxiety about an Islamic knowledges that pattern by ulama pesantren doesn’t knows popularly by milennial generation. Not only, that problems they also has many missing link story that really it was parts of important history, such as, some existence of ulama’s or wali’s graveyards around us in Indonesia. Before that group formed by them, this process for looking for ulama, wali, and also turats that can get by many manuscripts was doing only in the limited circles. So, when this group was formed, it helping many peoples for getting this knowledge more spacious than before.
This groups would be very important for increasing knowledges of turats ulama, especially that to be anxient about wali’s graveyards, manuscripts of ulama, and also tradition that’s todays debates as bid’ah. Because of many youngers would be asking about religious knowledges based on social media, it’s must be making disruption. This knowledges dissemination can be a power of counter radicalism in Indonesia, it causes this powerfull dissemination would be many peoples has one ideas that many ulama in Indonesia has the own role models of speech (da’wah).
This articles using participatory action researched, that writers also as parts of this groups and also following the progress and expansion of this groups that not only as discussion groups but also motivating many publishing issues as parts of counter radicalism in Indonesia. This groups also has been producing many study center in Jakarta, Jogja, also in the social media access. This articles to be important, because this researches about social media groups that concerns on the counter radicalism in Indonesia.
Keywords:
Roles, Turats Ulama Nusantara, Counter, radicalism
BIMANESE WOMEN PROMOTE PEACE THROUGH LOCAL WISDOM: LA RIMPU EXPERIENCE
Abdul Wahid dan Atun Wardatun
(UIN Mataram)
The significance of this study is linked with carefully challenging some of the stereotypes about women as victims of conflicts and their commonly perceived sources of defamation and social instabilities.
There has been multitudinous alternative discourses produced by scholars on women and peace but there is a scarcity of critical investigations dealing with creative ways of applying local values in promoting peace while negotiating women’s roles in the public. This paper engages with approaches and methods of la Rimpu squad presence between long battleship of two villages in Bima West Nusatenggara and its positive impacts. With intensive participant observations in the last two years and in-depth interviews to women who have been participating in La Rimpu, this article argues that revitalizing and integrating local values into fostering peace and preventing conflicts alternate a reasonable and effective strategy for two reasons: elevating women’s confidence in advocating such issues while avoiding resistance from local communities. Local values are seen as their essential cultural capital which can strengthen their personal identity and social solidarity.
COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY IN INDONESIA: A LANGUAGE POLICY PERSPECTIVE
Fanny Henry Tondo
Research Center for Society and Culture, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PMB-LIPI)
fhtondo@yahoo,com
Abstract
In this digital era, it is very important to have various strategic policies to counter terrorism in many aspects, including from linguistic point of view. It is a fact that the world is multilingual and the multilingualism management constitutes a problem to be overcome (Calvet 1998), especially how to prevent the spirit of terrorism from affecting the language use of Indonesian multilingual communities. A language policy (Spolsky 2009) includes diverse domains such as education, family, government, etc. From some studies that I have done regarding language policy in Indonesia there has never been a policy related to how linguistic strategies to counter terrorism. Based on that condition, my study is very significant to give contribution for peace Indonesia. This study was done by using secondary and primary data. This paper tries to explain how is the strategy to overcome terrorism from lingusitic point of view. It seems that the language policy in Indonesia has not accommodated strategic steps how to linguistically deal with terrorism both in the regulatory aspects and at the level of implementation in the community so that it is necessary to immediately revise the existing language regulations both at national and local levels.
Keywords: Counter-Terrorism, Indonesia, Language Policy
RADICALISM AND POVERTY IN INDONESIA
Rosiady Husaenie Sayuti, Ph.D
Head of Sociology Department
Abstract
The history of radicalism in Indonesia, especially those rooted in religious teachings, is long enough. In this context, radicalism is an understanding and a group of people who believe in a particular understanding who generally come face to face with or are not symmetrical with what society understands in general. In the history of Indonesian independence, the idea of radicalism has always been synonymous with the desire to seize power from the ruling government, or establish a new state or new regime, as is the history of DI/TII, Jihad Command, and others. This research aims to find out the public perception of the meaning of radicalism in Indonesia. Whether the public’s view of radicalism remains as it is, or has it begun to change. Similarly, it is related to the factors that led to the emergence of radicalism in Indonesia. What factors influence society so that they are interested in joining the understand or even the movement of radicalism. One factor that can affect a person or group of people associated with radicalism is the poverty factor. The difficulty of daily life can be one of the contributing factors. Therefore, this presentation will focus more on the extent to which poverty can be a fertile field for the growth of radicalism in Indonesia. Is then radicalism, in the meaning written above, can be minimized or even eliminated from Indonesia’s Earth? What strategies should be implemented if the public argues that radicalism can be eliminated? The output of this presentation is a model that can be developed to eliminate or at least minimize the understood radicalism in Indonesia.
Keywords: radicalism, poverty, Indonesian history.
TERRORISM IN POPULAR MEDIA: HOW HOLLYWOOD REPRESENT MUSLIM TERRORIST
Mundi Rahayu
mundi@bsi.uin-malang.ac.id UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Mediyansyah
mediansyahtaharani@yahoo.co.id UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Abstract
Movie has significant function not only as an entertainment but more importantly it also functions to document the historical events, to negotiate or even challenge the existing norms in the society. This paper discusses how Hollywood movies represent the discourse of Muslim terrorist. The movies share similar theme of Muslim terrorism; they are “The Siege” (1998) and “Syriana”(2005). The question presented here is how the movies represent the discourse of Muslim terrorism. This question critically addresses the issue of different faces of “Muslim terrorist” represented in the Hollywood films and the ideas or ideology underlied. The films are analysed through the lenses of critical discourse analysis (CDA). Fairclough’s CDA discover the discourse through three levels of analysis, micro, meso and macro analysis. It aims to unravel how the Muslim terrorist is constructed by a particular group with a definite interest. Each of the movies has different causes, but they share similar use of “Muslim terrorism” as the vehicle of reaching the goals. The different context constructs the faces of terrorist in different ways. Muslim terrorist in Middle East context is represented in film “Syriana” with the background of oil business war. The Muslim terrorist in domestic context of the United States is represented in the film “The Siege” with the background of US foreign and domestic policy issues.
Keywords: CDA, Hollywood movies, Muslim terrorism, representation
DISCOURSE ON ‘ISLAM’ AND ‘KAFIR’ IN 2019 INDONESIA PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION : THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRACY IN THE DIGITAL ERA
Nina Widyawati
(Research Center for Society and Culture, Indonesian Institute of Sciences)
Ana Windarsih
(Research Center for Society and Culture, Indonesian Institute of Sciences)
PurnamaAlamsyah
(Research Center for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and Management,
Indonesian Institute of Sciences)
Abstract
The development of digital technology disrupts all aspects of people’s lives. Digital technology facilitates the development of social media, a platform on which everyone can produce content to promote the right to freedom of expression. Therefore, at the beginning of its development, it is assumedthat it will improve the quality of democracy. However, reality shows some paradox, such as the political discourse is strongly influenced by new actors, called the influencers and they influence the voters strongly. One of the popular topics developed by influencers in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election are Islam and Kafir (unbelievers).The aim of this study is to examines the discourse of Islam and Kafir in Twitter and their impact on the development of democracy in Indonesia. The data was collected on 7 days Twitter dataset ( 3 days before election day, the election day, and 3 days after the election day). By using topic model and critical discourse analysis (CDA), it shows that the discourse of Kafir or the disbelief was used to mocking supporters of other candidates who were considered less Islamic. Interestingly, the socalled unbelieversupporters used ‘re-signification’ as a way to attack the opponent. Thes tudy shows that both of candidates use Islamic discourse to get voter support. As a result, discourses of Islam and Kafircontain a lot of verbal violence, thathas the potential to reduce the quality of democracy in the digital era. Keywords: Islam, Kafir, democracy, digital, CDA, topic model.
CO-ISLAH, KHIDMAT, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES OF TABLIGHI DAWAH IN INDONESIA
Saipul Hamdi
Mataram University
This article examines Tablighi’s da’wah’s function, which not only concerns to fix (islah) others but also to them. When going out to conduct a khuruj for three days, ten days, four months, and one year traveling from one mosque to another, Tablighi members commit to reaching the islah together known as co-islah. Tablighi’s founders saw that one of Muslims’ weaknesses in their spiritual development was to focus too much on their personality, not involve others. Therefore, co-islah is one of Tablighi’s approaches to reaching the highest spirituality ladder. What are the forms of co-islah in Tablighi religious tradition, how they maintain a pattern of cooperation to maintain and strengthen the practice of the co-islah, and what changes result in the practice of co-islah are included in the running of the da’wah program? Besides, this article also focuses on Tablighi members’ strategies in dealing with social-economy challenges in the field during preaching, particularly the role of Tablighi’s da’wah, whether as the creating poverty or saving members from the effects of acute poverty.
Keywords: Co-Islah, Socio-Economic Challenges, Tablighi, Indonesia
“We Do Not Worship Buddha Images”:
Buddhist Response to Religious Bullying in Online Media
Latifah (efi.latifah@gmail.com; Sekolah Tinggi Agama Buddha Kertarajasa)
Ary Budiyanto (arybudhi@ub.ac.id; ary91budhi@gmail.com; Brawijaya University)
ABSTRACT
The stereotyping view of radical Islamic groups manifested in verbal violence against other religious groups is increasingly growing freely along with the expansion of public communication spaces in cyberspace. This has made it even more frustrating for people of other religions to respond to this bullying. Religious minorities, such as Buddhists, also use information technology to express responses to negative stereotypes. In Indonesia, Buddhism often gets a negative impression because it is considered as “idol worship”, something which for Muslims, as the majority group, is the biggest sin. This mistaken view of Buddhists has not only resulted in a bad view of Buddhists, but has led to violence as evidenced by the case of lowering the Buddha statue in Tanjung Balai. Buddhists who are based on the moral teachings of self-control try not to give a negative response that is reactive, but they appear increasingly progressive in spreading the “right view” of their teaching principles so that they are no longer misunderstood and become objects of discrimination. Apart from being in the form of lectures disseminated in online media, efforts to provide religious literacy education are also conveyed through short stories and popular songs. Through content analysis, this paper will describe various ways of public communication of Buddhists to overcome negative stereotyping about them, especially the perception of being “idolaters”. Also see to what extent the effectiveness of this monologue-impressed communication is conveyed to those who bully.
Keywords: counter radicalism, digital Buddhism, public communication, religious literacy.
[1] Submitted for the ICS second international conference: Countering Radicalism and Terrorism in the Digital Era. September 2020.
[2] Senior Lecture at Indonesia National Defence University, writer of “Tanpa Senjata” (Gramedia, 2020).